地面臭氧有多“坏”?

还记得令人担忧的臭氧层空洞吗?是不是觉得空气中的臭氧应该越多越好?事实上,只有臭氧出现在几万米高空,为地球上的生物挡去大量紫外线,才是好臭氧。当臭氧聚集在地面,它就坏了起来。

淡蓝色的臭氧到了地面并不显眼,你也许很难感知它的存在,但一定不能不了解一下它到底都干了什么坏事。首先,地面臭氧对你的呼吸系统有极大的破坏性。它刺激你的呼吸道,引起气管壁肿胀、呼吸困难,胸痛,咳嗽,咽喉疼痛等症状,经常性的刺激可能对呼吸系统造成不可逆的破坏;它削弱你的肺功能,使你的肺活量变小,在户外工作、运动的人常常感到呼吸急促、胸闷气短,就是臭氧在作祟;对臭氧最敏感的人群是儿童和哮喘患者,臭氧会损坏儿童幼嫩的、尚未发育完全的肺,增加儿童患哮喘的几率,而对已患有哮喘的人群,则会严重加剧他们的病情。其次,臭氧对生态系统也具有破坏性,包括导致农作物减产,抑制树木生长等。另外不容忽视的一点是,臭氧的强氧化性使得它异常活跃,会大量促进其它空气污染物的生成,比如现在令我们头疼的PM2.5中的很多成分,都是臭氧的氧化产物。

目前,地面臭氧已经被许多国家和地区列为主要空气污染物,比如美国、加拿大、欧洲等都针对臭氧制定了标准和法规。当然,执行起来最具“杀伤性”的法规要属美国的Clean Air Act,它规定臭氧为六种主要空气污染物之一,现行的标准是8小时平均浓度不超过75 ppb,美国环保署对这个标准仍不满意,正在提议要进一步把标准提高到60 – 70 ppb,要知道一般认可的地面背景臭氧浓度也能达到 40 ppb 左右。一旦某个地区被定为不达标区域,其所属的州政府就要在规定时间内提交详细的达标计划,若计划不能获得环保署的认可,就会招来联邦政府的强制达标行动。

了解了地面臭氧有多坏,就不要疏忽了对臭氧的防范,这不仅可以减小臭氧对我们健康的危害,还能帮助治理其它污染物,但臭氧非常“狡猾”,难于控制,这点我们以后会详细介绍。

文章分类 臭氧科普
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