由于PM2.5的健康杀手身份，世界卫生组织以及许多发达国家很早就开始制定空气中的PM2.5浓度标准，用以规范政府行为，保护公众的健康利益。2005年，世界卫生组织发布了新版《空气质量准则》（AQGs），其中的第一项就是颗粒物（PM2.5和PM10）的浓度标准。为了保护本国公民的健康，很多国家也都制定了自己的空气质量标准。不同国家的发展水平和空气质量管理能力存在差异，而且在制定标准时，所采用的健康风险评估方法不尽相同，在技术可行性和经济、政治等方面的考虑也不同，所以不同国家制定的标准之间是有差异的。
今年2月29日，我国国家环境保护部与国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布了新修订的《环境空气质量标准》，首次设定了PM2.5浓度限值，并将其纳入“空气污染物基本项目”进行控制。新标准将于2016年起在全国实施。
表 颗粒物的空气质量标准：年平均浓度
| PM2.5(微克/立方米) | 标准制定的依据 | |
| WHO过渡时期目标t-1 (IT-1) | 35 | 相对于 AQG 水平而言，在这个水平的长期暴露会增加大约15%的死亡风险。 |
| WHO 过渡时期目标-2 (IT-2) | 25 | 与IT-1 相比，在这个水平的暴露会降低大约6% (2%～11%)的死亡风险。 |
| WHO过渡时期目标-3 (IT-3) | 15 | 与IT-2 相比，在这个水平的暴露会降低大约6% (2%～11%)的死亡风险。 |
| WHO质量空气准则 (AQG) | 10 | 对于 PM2.5的长期暴露，这是一个最低水平，在这个水平，总死亡率、心肺疾病死亡率和肺癌的死亡率会增加（95%以上可信度）。 |
| 中国环境空气质量标准*，一级 | 15 | |
| 中国环境空气质量标准*，二级 | 35 |
表 颗粒物的空气质量标准：24小时平均浓度
| PM2.5(微克/立方米) | 标准制定的依据 | |
| WHO过渡时期目标t-1 (IT-1) | 75 | 以已发表的多中心研究**和 Meta 分析***中得出的危险度系数为基础（超过 AQG 值的短期暴露会增加 5%的死亡率）。 |
| WHO 过渡时期目标-2 (IT-2) | 50 | 以已发表的多中心研究和 Meta 分析中得出的危险度系数为基础（超过 AQG 值的短期暴露会增加 2.5%的死亡率）。 |
| WHO过渡时期目标-3 (IT-3) | 37.5 | 以已发表的多中心研究和 Meta 分析中得出的危险度系数为基础（超过 AQG 值的短期暴露会增加 1.2%的死亡率）。 |
| WHO质量空气准则 (AQG) | 25 | 建立在 24 小时和年均暴露的基础上。 |
| 中国环境空气质量标准*，一级 | 35 | |
| 中国环境空气质量标准*，二级 | 75 |
*中国《环境空气质量标准》将环境空气功能区分为两类：一类区为自然保护区、风景名胜区和其他需要特殊保护的区域；二类区为居住区、商业交通居民混合区、文化区、工业区和农村地区。一类和二类区分别适用一级和二级浓度限值。
**多中心研究，是由多个研究者按照同一个试验方案在不同试验点和单位同时进行的临床试验。
***Meta分析，是对以往的大量单独研究结果进行综合的统计学分析方法。
从表中可以看到，我国新颁布的《环境空气质量标准》中，居民区的PM2.5浓度标准是参照WHO的过渡时期目标-1这个最低标准制定的。即使按期达标，仍然不能达到WHO更严格的推荐标准。暴露在这样的空气中仍会有相对较高的死亡率。因此，PM2.5的治理是一个长期、艰巨的任务。
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Charlie Theron looked like a billion bucks for her guest judge appearance on the premiere of RuPaul’s Drag Race
The Oscar winner took to her Instagram on Friday to share a few behind-the-scenes photos
from the reality competition episode, which debuted the same night
The new season of RuPaul‘s Drag Race has set up an all-star lineup to guest judge Season 16, including
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Charlize covered the Town & Country’s November 2023 Tenth Annual Philanthropy issue and reflected
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‘But I think it’s way more complicated than having just one night of trauma in your life.
Charlize had fun with a RuPaul’s Drag Race prop
In one snap, she leans back in a chair with an intense gaze while rocking a chainmail dress with a partial bodysuit underneath.
Another photo features the Mad Max: Fury Road alum looking fierce in the same outfit as she stood next to RuPaul on the stage of the show
‘With or without that, gender-based violence is so in your face
in South Africa and globally. It’s hard to not be aware of these things just purely by being a woman.’
Following an investigation, the 1991 shooting was legally determined
to be an act of self-defense, and her mother did not incur any charges.
She also reflected on growing up in South Africa during the apartheid era
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The new season of RuPaul ‘s Drag Race has set up an all-star lineup to guest judge Season 16, including Charlize,
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Charlize has previously discussed the distressing incident when her father was shot before her eyes during a 2019 NPR interview.
‘My father was so drunk that he shouldn’t have
been able to walk when he came into the house with a gun,’ she
recalled.
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RuPaul’s Drag Race features mainstay judges Michelle Visage , Carson Kressley, Ross Mathews and Ts Madison for the 16th season
She continued: So both of us were leaning against the door from the inside to have him not
be able to push through. He took a step back and just shot through the door three
times.
‘None of the bullets ever hit us, which is just a miracle,’ Charlize added, before adding that her mother shot her father.
‘But in self-defense, she ended the threat’.
Michelle VisageCharlize TheronSouth Africa
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